Steelhead Infographic | bernconservation

REFERENCES:

Boehler, C. T., Miner, J. G., Farver, J. R., & Fryer, B. J. (2012). Within-stream release- site fidelity of steelhead trout from Lake Erie hatchery stocks. Journal Of Great Lakes Research, 38251-259. doi:10.1016/j.jglr.2012.03.002

Kelch, D., Lichtkoppler, F., Sohngen, B., & Daigneault, A. (2006). The Value of Steelhead (Onchorhynchus mykiss) Angling in Lake Erie Tributaries. Journal Of Great Lakes Research, 32424-433. doi:10.3394/0380-1330(2006)32[424:TVOSOM]2.0.CO;2

Naish, K. A., Seamons, T. R., Dauer, M. B., Hauser, L., & Quinn, T. P. (2013). Relationship between effective population size, inbreeding and adult fitness- related traits in a steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) population released in the wild. Molecular Ecology, 22(5), 1295-1309. doi:10.1111/mec.12185

Nielsen, J. L. (1999). The evolutionary history of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) along the US Pacific Coast: Developing a conservation strategy using genetic diversity. ICES Journal Of Marine Science / Journal Du Conseil, 56(4), 449-458.

Osterback, A. K., Frechette, D. M., Hayes, S. A., Bond, M. H., Shaffer, S. A., Moore, J. W., & Jonsson, B. (2014). Linking individual size and wild and hatchery ancestry to survival and predation risk of threatened steelhead ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). Canadian Journal Of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, 71(12), 1877-1887.

Pipal, K. A., Notch, J. J., Hayes, S. A., & Adams, P. B. (2012). Estimating Escapement for a Low-Abundance Steelhead Population Using Dual-Frequency Identification Sonar (DIDSON). North American Journal Of Fisheries Management, 32(5), 880. doi:10.1080/02755947.2012.697096

Reeves, G. H., Grunbaum, J. B., & Lang, D. W. (2010). Seasonal variation in diel behaviour and habitat use by age 1+ Steelhead ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Coast and Cascade Range streams in Oregon, U.S.A. Environmental Biology Of Fishes, 87(2), 101-111. doi:10.1007/s10641-009-9569-

Steelhead Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). (n.d.). Retrieved April 21, 2015, from http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/fish/steelhead-trout.html

Thompson, B. E., & Paola Ferreri, C. (2002). Population Biology of Steelhead Spawning Runs in Three Pennsylvania Tributaries to Lake Erie. Journal Of Great Lakes Research, 28264-275. doi:10.1016/S0380-1330(02)70582-0

INFOGRAPHIC

POPULATION STABILITY OF STEELHEAD TROUT (Oncorhynchus mykiss) | Rainbow Trout

Kingdom:Animalia

Phylum:Chordata

Class:Actinopterygii

Order:Salmoniformes

Family:Salmonidae

Genus:Oncorhynchus

Species:O. mykiss

Male Rainbow Trout

Photograph by: Daniel John McDonnell

Chagrin River | Cleveland, Ohio

Population: The population of this species is hard to define. Current technology is not yet avaivale to accurately estimate the entire population.

Weight: This species can weigh anywhere from 1lb up to 55 lbs. Steelhead that live in oceans and lakes are much larger than the Steehead that inhabit rivers and streams.

Size: Up to 45 inches, but normally much less

Range: See maps below ...

Female Rainbow Trout

Photograph by: Daniel John McDonnell

Chagrin Rover | CLeveland, Ohio

RANGE:

REASONS FOR POPULATION INSTABILITY:

Habitat fragmentation- Many rivers can be subject to the creation of dams and the severe affects of erosion.
Habitat loss
Lack of Genetic Diversity in the wild- current populations can become very spread out. When population numbers decrease genetic diversity also decreases.
Lack of Genetic Diversity and fitness in hatcheries - fish being released into the wild, which were raised in hatcheries are know to have lower levels of fitness and show up late to spawning migrations.
Pollution- water and sediment contamination, plastic pollution and organic waste can all affect the health of marine species.
Improper population estimates- Current technologies can give inaccurate results in regards to population size. If population size is not accurately estimated setting correct fishing limits is almost impossible. This can lead to overfishing.
Invasive species interations

Round Goby | Photograph by: Brooke E. Ryan

CONSERVATION EFFORTS:

Habitat reconstruction- All over America there are rivers being restored and dams being destroyed so that species can freely move about the river to get necessary habitat interaction and food sources.
Acquisition of key habitat
Fisheries and Hatcheries- Large amounts of fish species (more specifically Steelhead Trout) are being raised and released into the wild in large numbers. Slowly but surely these practices are becoming more successful.
Release programs- Many states across America are implementing and allocating funds to implementing release programs.
Accurately set fishing limits- Organizations have been able to more accurately estimate fishing populations with the use of new technology. This is important because to accurately set fishing limits you must first know the population number of that species in question.
DIDSON technology- This sonar technology form images that are so accurate it can identify species of fish. This technology is expensive but is an imperative tool in regards to conservation issues in areas where Steelhead Trout are endangered.

REFERENCES:

INFOGRAPHIC

POPULATION STABILITY OF STEELHEAD TROUT (Oncorhynchus mykiss) | Rainbow Trout

Population: The population of this species is hard to define. Current technology is not yet avaivale to accurately estimate the entire population.

Weight: This species can weigh anywhere from 1lb up to 55 lbs. Steelhead that live in oceans and lakes are much larger than the Steehead that inhabit rivers and streams.

Size: Up to 45 inches, but normally much less

Range: See maps below ...

RANGE:

REASONS FOR POPULATION INSTABILITY:

Habitat fragmentation- Many rivers can be subject to the creation of dams and the severe affects of erosion.

Habitat loss

Lack of Genetic Diversity in the wild- current populations can become very spread out. When population numbers decrease genetic diversity also decreases.

Lack of Genetic Diversity and fitness in hatcheries - fish being released into the wild, which were raised in hatcheries are know to have lower levels of fitness and show up late to spawning migrations.

Pollution- water and sediment contamination, plastic pollution and organic waste can all affect the health of marine species.

Improper population estimates- Current technologies can give inaccurate results in regards to population size. If population size is not accurately estimated setting correct fishing limits is almost impossible. This can lead to overfishing.

Invasive species interations

Round Goby | Photograph by: Brooke E. Ryan

CONSERVATION EFFORTS:

Habitat reconstruction- All over America there are rivers being restored and dams being destroyed so that species can freely move about the river to get necessary habitat interaction and food sources.

Acquisition of key habitat

Fisheries and Hatcheries- Large amounts of fish species (more specifically Steelhead Trout) are being raised and released into the wild in large numbers. Slowly but surely these practices are becoming more successful.

Release programs- Many states across America are implementing and allocating funds to implementing release programs.

Accurately set fishing limits- Organizations have been able to more accurately estimate fishing populations with the use of new technology. This is important because to accurately set fishing limits you must first know the population number of that species in question.

DIDSON technology- This sonar technology form images that are so accurate it can identify species of fish. This technology is expensive but is an imperative tool in regards to conservation issues in areas where Steelhead Trout are endangered.